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二氧化碳和水就能造空燃料？

most people who think about such things agree that replacing fossil fuels with renewable electricity, either directly or indirectly, is the best way to decarbonise industry, transport and the heating and cooling of buildings.but there are some holdout areas where this is hard.cement is one.aviation is another, because batteries are too heavy and hydrogen (which could be made using renewable electricity) too bulky to do the job easily.hydrocarbon aviation fuels are thus likely to be around for a while.but such fuels need not be fossil.they might be synthesised from the co2 exhaust of various industrial processes.and a study just published in nature, by aldo steinfeld of eth zurich, a technological university in switzerland, and his colleagues, shows how they might literally be plucked from thin air.

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大大都人都附和这一点——直接或直接地用可再生电力替代化石燃料是工业、交通以及建筑供温暖制冷的脱碳最佳方法。但也有一些领域难以做到脱碳。水泥作业就是其间之一。航空领域是另一个，因为电池太重，氢（可以用可再生电力制造）需要的体积太大，难以完成。因而，碳氢化合物航空燃料可以会存在一段时刻。但这些燃料不必定是化石燃料。它们可以从各种工业进程排放二氧化碳组成。瑞士苏黎世理工大学的阿尔多·斯坦菲尔德和他的火伴们刚刚在《天然》杂志上宣告的一项研讨展示，它们是如何从冷漠的空气中获取燃料的。

dr steinfeld and his team devised and tested a system that, in essence, reimagines the natural process of photosynthesis.plants take in atm

ospheric co2 and water and, with sunlight providing the energy, turn those raw materials into organic molecules.and that is exactly what dr steinfeld has done.the process has three stages.the first absorbs co2 and water from the atmosphere using a so-called direct-air-capture device made by climeworks, a spin-off of eth founded by two of dr steinfeld's students that made the news recently by opening a demonstration carbon-capture-and-storage system in iceland.there, however, the co2 is reacted with basalt rock to dispose of it. dr steinfeld’s system makes use of it.

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斯坦菲尔德博士和他的团队方案并查验了一个体系，从本质上说，它可以从头愿望光协作用的天然进程。植物吸收大气中的二氧化碳和水，并经过阳光供给能量，将这些原材料转化为有机分子。这正是斯坦菲尔德博士所做的。这个进程分为三个期间。第一个期间是使用climeworks制造的名为“直接捕获空气设备”从大气中吸收二氧化碳和水，climeworks是eth的衍出产品，是由斯坦菲尔德博士的两个学生创建的，因迩来在冰岛翻开了一个碳捕获和存储体系的演示设备，致使了我们的重视。可是，在那里，二氧化碳与玄武岩发生反应，将其转化。斯坦菲尔德博士的体系使用了它。

the second stage is the clever bit.it employs concentrated sunlight to heat a material called cerium oxide which, when so heated, reacts with both co2 and water.the reaction with co2 creates carbon monoxide.the one with water creates hydrogen.in both cases the by-product is oxygen, which is vented into the atmosphere.but a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is a familiar one to industrial chemists.it is called syngas, and is widely used as a raw material to make other things.the third part of the process is therefore to turn the syngas into organic molecules.

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第二个期间是是很有巧思的。它使用会集的阳光加热一种叫做氧化铈的物质，当这种物质被加热时，它会与二氧化碳和水发生反应。与二氧化碳的反应发生一氧化碳。有水的发生氢气。在这两种进程下，副产品都是氧气，氧气被排放到大气中。可是工业化学家对一氧化碳和氢气的混合物并不陌生。它被称为组成气，是被广泛用作制造其他东西的材料。因而，该进程的第三期间是将组成气转化为有机分子。

for the hydrocarbons that make up aviation fuel an industrial chemist would normally turn to what is known as the fischer-tropsch process.for their demonstrator, the team chose another route, which led to methanol rather than hydrocarbons.but the general idea is the same.the team's demonstration rig, which they installed on the roof of eth's machine laboratory building, had a typical yield of 32ml of pure methanol per seven-hour day—tiny, but a clear proof of principle.a back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that substituting the world’s aviation-fuel market entirely in this way would need 45,000km2 of suitably insolated land.that sounds a lot, but is equivalent to about 0.5% of the area of the sahara desert.air-captured aviation fuel would certainly need its path to market smoothed by appropriate carbon taxes on the fossil variety, and possibly other measures.but dr steinfeld's rig does seem to have demonstrated a credible and potentially scalable way to go about making the stuff.

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关于构成航空燃料的碳氢化合物，工业化学家一般会选用费托组成的办法。关于他们的演示者，团队选择了另一条道路，这样可以发生甲醇而不是碳氢化合物。但全体思路是相同的。该团队的演示设备设备在eth机器实验室大楼的房顶上，其产量为每7小时32毫升纯甲醇，尽管量很小，但这是一个清楚的原理证明。大概核算标明，以这种方法完全替代世界航空燃料商场需要4.5万平方千米的恰当日照土地。这听起来许多，但仅恰当于撒哈拉沙漠面积的0.5%。经过对化石燃料征收恰当的碳税，再加上可以采纳的其他办法，空气中捕获的航空燃料进入商场的路途必定会变得平坦。可是斯坦菲尔德博士的设备如同现已证明晰一种可靠的、潜在的可扩展规划化的办法来制造这些东西。

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