初数真题2021年管综初数有些第15题...来自考研MPAcc-微博(武汉外初真题)--考研网上

??what architects can learn from bull-running建筑师可以从奔牛节大学到啥?

a spanish tradition offers?insight into?how crowds behave?

西班牙一项传统活动提示了集体行为方法?

?every year thousands of people converge on the city of pamplona, in north-eastern spain, for the opportunity to run for their lives as six fighting bulls are released to charge through the town. there are dozens of injuries every year, and there have been at least 15 deaths recorded since 1910.?

每年都有不计其数的人集合在西班牙东北部城市潘普洛纳市，就是为了等六头公牛出栏后狂奔逃命。自1910年以来，至少已有15人丧生，每年都稀有十人受伤。?

but the event is of interest to more than just?adrenaline?junkies and animal-rights activists. a paper just published in proceedings of the national academy of sciences describes the insight the event offers into the psychology of panicked crowds.

可是，重视这项活动的不只是是寻求影响的人和动物权益活动家。刚刚宣告《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一篇论文对惊惧人群的心思状况进行晓得读。?

that is a useful topic to explore. architects, civil engineers and urban planners must try to work

out how people will behave in the event of a disaster like a fire, a flood or a terrorist attack so they can design their creations to avoid potentially?lethal?crushes. unfortunately, solid information is hard to come by.?

这是一个值得谈论的论题。建筑师、土木匠程师和城市方案师有必要设法弄理解我们在火灾、洪水或惊骇突击等灾害发生时的行为，这样他们才干做出相应的方案，避免呈现潜在丧命的蹂躏作业。可是，这方面的可靠数据很难获取。?

ethics-review boards, after all, are likely to frown on researchers putting volunteers into deadly danger simply to study how they might behave. but daniel parisi, a physicist and computer scientist at the technical institute of buenos aires, and the paper’s lead author, realised that the pamplona bull-runs offered the perfect natural experiment.

究竟，道德检查委员会很可以会对立研讨者只是为了研讨自愿者的行为就将他们置于丧命的风险之中。而布宜诺斯艾利斯理工学院的物理学家和核算机科学家丹尼尔·帕里西（一起也是这篇论文的第一作者）知道到潘普洛纳奔牛节为研讨人员供给了一个完满的天然实验。?

dr parisi and his team went to two different rooftop locations in pamplona in july 2021, and recorded footage of the runners as the animals were released. a wave of people running at top speed raced past their cameras a few seconds ahead of the bulls.?

2021年7月，帕里西和他的团队来到了潘普洛纳，他们在两处房顶架起了摄像机，拍下了公牛出栏后人群狂奔的印象。可以看到一群人高速闪过了镜头，而只是几秒之后公牛就紧随而至。?

the researchers brought their recordings back to the lab to calculate the velocities of the runners, the density of the crowd and the probability of a runner tripping and falling. they also examined the?trajectories?of the bulls, the responses of individual runners as bulls came near to them, and the relationship between runner-group density and velocity.

研讨人员将录像带回实验室，核算出人群奔驰的速度、人群密度以?潜话淼够虻咂偷母怕省Ｑ刑秩嗽被狗治隽斯５脑硕旒！⒐Ｆ攘偈蔽颐堑姆从Γ约叭巳好芏扔氡汲鬯俣戎涞牧纭?

perhaps unsurprisingly, the researchers found that runners picked up speed when the bulls drew near. less expected was the finding that the speed of individual runners increased with the density of the crowd. at the crowd’s maximum speed of around four metres per second, density reached roughly one pedestrian per square metre.?

研讨人员发现，当公牛迫临时，我们会加速奔驰速度，这或许不难了解。但出人意料的是，个别奔驰速度会跟着人群密度的上升而添加。人群的最大速度约为每秒4米，密度会抵达大约每平方米1人。?

this finding is at odds with a long-held assumption in architectural and urban-design circles that people will slow their pace as group density goes up, in order to lower the risk of a collision, which could lead to a fall and, perhaps, injury or death as a runner is trampled by others.?

这一发现有别于建筑和城市方案界长时刻以来的假定，即跟着人群密度的上升，我们会怠慢自个的脚步，以降低发生磕碰的风险，然后避免颠仆蹂躏而致伤亡。?

dr parisi’s data suggests that groups of fast, crowded runners are indeed at risk: of 20 people who fell, all did so within a fast-moving, dense group. most (14 of the 20) involved two or more people, with one person tripping another.

帕里西的数据标明，挤在一同快速奔驰的确存在风险：颠仆的20人都呈如今快速奔驰的密布人群中。大大都（20人中的14人）都是成双甚至更多人一同颠仆的，即一个绊倒另一个。?

yet it seems that, in the heat of the moment, people pay little heed to the danger of colliding with each other, and do not slow down. the onus therefore falls upon urban designers to work out how best to plan the construction of future alleys, tunnels, bridges and other passages that restrict flow. the only option may well be to make them wider.

可是，在极度惊惧之时，我们如同顾不上留心彼此磕碰的风险，，也不会怠慢速度。因而，重担就落在了城市方案师的身上，他们需要寻找最佳方案来方案缔造缔造将来的街巷、地道、桥梁和其他会捆绑人流的通道。而仅有的方法或许是把它们建得更宽。

?这篇文章翻译：vinnie

重难点词汇：

insight into?[??nsa?t ??nt?] 深化了解；洞悉

adrenaline?[??dren?l?n] n. 肾上腺素

?lethal?[?li?θl] adj. 丧命的；致死的；损害极大的

?trajectory?[tr??d?ekt?ri] n. 轨迹；轨迹

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