2022年信阳师范学院828专业英语考研真题和答案—

??Ⅰ. American Puritanism（美国清教主义）

The British began to immigrate to North America in the first half of the 17th century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts.Many early American immigrants were Puritans, and they came to the United States for a variety of reasons. The Puritanism they believed in later took root in the New World and had a profound impact on American thought and American literature.

英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。

1 Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）

The Puritans believed in the doctrine predestination put forward by the theologian John Calvin, including original sin, complete depravity, and limited redemption.

清教徒信奉神学家约翰·加尔文宣扬的预设定论，原罪，彻底的堕落，有限制的救赎等神学主张。

2 The influence of Puritanism on American literature（清教主义对美国文学的影响）

(1) The idealism of Puritan had exerted a great influence on American writers.

Overall, American literature, at least white American literature, is based on the myth of the Garden of Eden in the Bible. To a large extent, it is a literary form of pious idealism as the legacy of American Puritanism. The Puritans longed to live in a perfect order. With great courage, they hope to establish a new Garden of Eden in the United States so that they can finally live an ideal life. Encouraged by this sense of mission, they were very optimistic in the face of difficulties and obstacles. These have become important nourishment for the production and development of American literature. Optimism is embodied in the works of many American writers.

(1) 清教徒的理想主义对美国作家的文学创作产生了深远的影响。

从总体来看，美国文学——至少是白人的美国文学——是建筑在《圣经》伊甸园神话基础上的文学。在很大程度上，它是美国清教主义遗产——虔诚理想主义的一种文学形式。清教徒梦想着生活在一种完善的秩序之下，怀着勇气和希望在美国建立新的伊甸园，以使得他们能最终过上理想的生活。在这种使命感的鼓舞下，他们面对艰难险阻却充满乐观主义情绪。这些都成为美国文学产生发展的重要滋养。乐观主义弥漫在许多美国作家的作品里。

(2) American Puritans’ metaphorical way of observing things led to the emergence of symbolism, which is typical in American literature.

Puritan theology and Puritan literary practice are the main reasons for the development of native symbolism in the United States. To the pious Puritans, the reality of the world is just the symbol of God. All phenomena in life are part and concrete manifestation of God’s intention. It is easy to spot this symbolic process which often occurred in Puritan thinking. Over time, this process became part of the cultural traditions on which the American people and writers grew up. Symbolism is commonly used by Jonathan Edwards, Emerson, Hawthorne, and Melville. This unique way of observing the world by the Puritans is a basic component of their education.

(2) 美国清教徒形象地观察事物的方式导致了具有典型美国文学特点的象征主义的产生。

清教神学和清教徒的文学实践是美国本土象征主义发展的主要原因。在虔诚的清教徒看来，现实的大千世界只是上帝的象征而已。生活中的一切现象都是上帝意图的组成部分和具体表现。很容易发现这种在清教徒思维中经常发生的象征过程。随着时间的推移，这一过程便成为美国人民和作家赖以成长的文化传统的一部分。乔纳森·爱德华兹，爱默生，霍桑，麦尔维尔来说，象征主义已成为一种常用的技巧。清教徒这种独特的观察世界的方式是他们所受教育的一个基本构成部分。

(3) In terms of the writing skills, the conciseness of Puritan works also profoundly affected American literature.

The works of Puritan writers show a fresh and concise style. They use simple and sincere rhetoric, with the noble temperament under the direct influence of the Bible. Their works have left a lasting influence on American literature.

(3) 在写作技巧方面，清教徒作品的朴实无华也深刻地影响了美国文学。

清教徒作家的写作风格是语言清新、简单、直接；修辞简朴、诚挚，带有圣经直接影响下的高贵气质。这些都给美国文学留下了持久的印迹。

Ⅱ. Overview of the colonial literature（殖民地文学简介）

American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupied a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.

美国文学由很多粗糙的文体发展而来。日记、稗史、札记、书信、备忘录、游记及布道文稿等在内的各种形式的私人文字，在早期殖民时期的文学中占据着主要地位。

1 Major writers of colonial period（殖民地时期主要作家）

(1) John Smith (1580-1631)

Captain John Smith was one of the founders of the colony Jamestown, Virginia. His writing about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers.

In The General History of Virginia he wrote about his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas.

Another thing he wrote about that became historically important was his description of the fertile and vast new continent in his A Description of New England.

(1) 约翰·斯密斯

约翰·斯密斯上校是弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯敦殖民地的建立者之一。他的作品中有关北美的叙述成为后来移民了解北美新大陆的信息来源。

约翰·史密斯在《弗吉尼亚通史》中讲述了他被印第安人俘虏及被著名的印第安公主郎波克杭特丝营救的故事。

他的另一部具有重大历史意义的作品是《新英格兰概览》，其中描述了肥沃且广袤的美洲新大陆。

(2) William Bradford (1590-1657)

In 1620 William Bradford led the Mayflower endeavor and became the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation with his group of pilgrim fathers.

His major work is Of Plymouth Plantation.

(2) 威廉姆·布雷福德

在1620威廉姆·布雷福德率领清教徒前辈移民乘“五月花”号到达美洲，他后来成为普利茅斯的首任总督。

他的主要作品是《普利茅斯开发史》。

(3) John Winthrop (1588-1649)

John Winthrop was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony.

In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity he stated that “we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”

The two major poets in the colonial period were Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor.

(3) 约翰·温思罗普

约翰·温思罗普是马萨诸塞湾殖民地的首任总督。

在其著名演说《基督教博爱的典范》中他说到“我们将成为山巅之城，全世界人民的眼光都在注视着我们。”

殖民时期的两大诗人是安·布雷兹特里特和爱德华·泰勒。

第一部分考研真题精选

一、填空题

1. As an American poet of nature, _______ (1874—1963) had obvious affinities with romantic writers, notably Wordsworth and Emerson. He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, but he had little faith in religious dogma or speculative thought. [暨南大学2017研]

【答案】Robert Frost查看答案

【解析】罗伯特·弗罗斯特被誉为美国非官方的“桂冠诗人”，代表作有诗集《少年的意志》（1913）、《波士顿以北》（1914）。其诗歌多以新英格兰为背景，取材于普通人的日常生活，以自然为主要内容，诗歌中充满着机敏与智慧，平静与和谐。

2. A very influential novel in the 1960s America is Salinger’s _____ which relates the painful story of a high-school boy growing up in the world of decadent New York. [北科大2011研]

【答案】The Catcher in the Rye查看答案

【解析】塞林格的代表作《麦田里的守望者》的故事的起止局限于16岁的中学生霍尔顿·考尔菲德从离开学校到纽约游荡的三天时间内，并借鉴了意识流天马行空的写作方法，充分探索了一个十几岁少年的内心世界。愤怒与焦虑是此书的两大主题。

3. In 1620, led by William Bradford, a group of Pilgrims arrived in present-day Massachusetts on a ship called ______. [暨南大学2013研]

【答案】Mayflower查看答案

【解析】1620年9月16日，在牧师布莱斯特率领下乘“五月花号”前往北美。此次航行的主要领袖是威廉·布拉德福德(William Bradford)和威廉·布鲁斯特(William Brewster)。

4. James Fenimore Cooper’s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. Yet the image he created of the American Indians has been a distorted one. In his “Leatherstocking Tales,” the good Indians are almost always those who stand on the side of the British against the _____. [北科大2007研]

【答案】French查看答案

【解析】库柏的《皮护腿故事集》主要讲述的是英军和法军在北美争夺殖民地，其间两军受到持不同意见的印第安人的协助的故事。

5. Melville is best known as the author of _____which is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces. One of the major themes in Melville is _____, which can be best shown in Ahab. [北科大2008研]

【答案】Moby Dick; alienation查看答案

【解析】《白鲸》代表了麦尔维尔对他所生活的时代悲凉的世界观。小说的主题是疏离。

6. As a reaction against Calvinism, transcendentalism in the 19th century stressed the importance of

the individual. Transcendentalists like ______ and Thoreau were telling people to depend upon themselves for spiritual perfection. [北科大2009研]

【答案】Ralph Waldo Emerson查看答案

【解析】“超验主义”如爱默生所说，表示“任何属于直觉意识范畴的思想”。代表人物包括爱默生、梭罗、阿尔科特及富勒等人。

7. Famous for such poems as The Raven, _____ remained the most controversial literary figure in the 19th American romantics. [北科大2011研]

【答案】Edgar Allan Poe查看答案

【解析】《乌鸦》是艾伦·坡的代表作品之一。坡死后相当长的时间里仍是美国文学史上最具争议性、被误解最深的文学家。而现在坡被认为是一位伟大的小说家、一流的诗人和具有敏锐洞察力的评论家。

8. American Romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own: the American national experience of “pioneering” into _____ proved to be a rich fund of material for its writers to draw upon. [北科大2011研]

【答案】the west查看答案

【解析】美国浪漫主义文学自一开始便具有其独特的属性。它是美国因素熔为一体的产物。它所表达的是“一种真正的新的经历”，包含着“一种陌生的特质”。

9. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet

Letter is a story about a woman named __________ living in seventeenth- century Boston, then a puritan settlement. [暨南大学2011研；暨南大学2017研]

【答案】Hester Prynne查看答案

【解析】《红字》是美国浪漫主义作家霍桑创作的长篇小说。《红字》讲述了女主人公海丝特·白兰嫁给了医生奇灵渥斯，他们之间却没有爱情。在孤独中白兰与牧师丁梅斯代尔相恋并生下女儿珠儿。白兰被当众惩罚，戴上标志“通奸”的红色A字示众。然而白兰坚贞不屈，拒不说出孩子的父亲。小说惯用象征手法，在描写中常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。它不仅是美国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美国心理分析小说的开创篇。

10. ______ was the first American to achieve an international literary reputation in the American literary history. [暨南大学2014研]

【答案】Washington Irving查看答案

【解析】华盛顿·欧文是美国文学史上第一个获得国际文学声誉的美国人。

11. Led by Hawthorne, Emerson and ________, there arose a kind of teachings of transcendentalism in the early nineteenth century. [暨南大学2015研]

【答案】Thoreau查看答案

【解析】超验主义运动的代表人物有爱默生、梭罗、霍桑等。

12. In the period between the end of Civil War in 1865 and the dawn of the 20th century, modem America was born and grew into a nation of great size, power and wealth. This was called the “_____”, an age in which American business was gilded. The traditional morals and ideals had been replaced by the worship of money. [北科大2006研]

【答案】Gilded Age查看答案

【解析】《镀金时代》是美国作家马克·吐温与查尔斯·沃纳合写的长篇小说。该长篇小说，运用现实主义的手法大胆揭露了美国南北战争以后，资本主义发展阶段的腐朽黑暗，作者对资产阶级的民主制度进行了辛辣的讽刺，对当时流行全国的投机流行病，贪污受贿进行了揭露。《镀金时代》出版后，很快就被人们广泛用以形容美国当时政治腐败、以及崇尚粗鄙的实利主义的社会状况，因此，从南北战争结束到20世纪初叶的美国历史时期也就被定名为“镀金时代”。

13. As a literary movement realism came in the latter half of the 19th century as a reaction against “the lie” of romanticism and _____. It expressed the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low. [北科大2007研]

【答案】paved the way to Modernism查看答案

【解析】现实主义是对浪漫主义的一种反抗，并为现代主义做了铺垫。现实主义是要表现普通人一般的情感。

14. Whitman was a daring experimentalist. Ezra Pound, in his “A Pact,” recognizes Whitman’s contribution to American poetry by saying that he has “broke the new wood.” One of the major principles of Whitman’s poetics is _____ or a rhythm of thought in which the line is the rhythmical unit, as in the poetry of the Bible. [北科大2007研]

【答案】free verse查看答案

【解析】惠特曼打破了五步抑扬格的传统，并创作“自由体”诗歌，也就是没有固定韵律的诗歌。

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