2000-2021年考研英语历年真题和答案(英语一)word版323页(2000-2020中国出生人口)--考研网上

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1、2021考研英语一sectionuse of englishdirections:read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on the answer sheet. (10 points)today we live in a world where gps systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones.1of us just wa

2、lk straight into the woods without a phone. but phones2on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize.3you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you4cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate5to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.when you find yourself well6a t

3、rail, but not in a completely7area, you have to answer two questions: which8 is downhill, in this particular area? and where is the nearest water source? humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9, if you head downhill, and follow any h2o you find, you should10 see signs

4、 of people.if youve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sightsyou may be11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.another12: climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13, even in dense forest, you should be able to14 gaps in the tree l

5、ine due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve15 the woods. head toward these16 to find a way out. at night, scan the horizon for17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18, assuming youre lost in an area humans tend to frequent, lo

6、ok for the19 we leave on the landscape. trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can20you to civilization.1.asome bmost cfew dall2.aputbtakecrun dcome3.asince b if c though duntil4.aformally b relatively c gradually d literally5.a back b next c around d away6.aonto boffcacross dalone7.aunattrac

7、tiveb uncrowded cunchanged dunfamiliar8.a sitebpoint cway dplace9.a so b yet cinstead dbesides10.aimmediately b intentionally cunexpectedly d eventually11.asurprised bannoyed cfrightened dconfused12.a problem boption cview dresult13.a above all bin contrast c on average d for example14.abridge bavoi

8、d cspot dseparate15.a from b through cbeyond d under16.a posts blinks cshades dbreaks17.a artificialb mysteriousc hiddend limited18.a finallyb consequentlyc incidentally d generally19.a memoriesb marksc notesd belongings20.a restrictb adoptc leadd expose1-20参阅答案及解析:1.日子在一个gps体系，数字地图和其他导航使用程序都在咱们的智能手

9、机上简略获取”。空格之后的语句与前面语义方向共同，再思考到句中的without a phone，可知，此处需要两层否定表达必定，所以，选择few，契合辞意；2.【c】run固定分配；此题查询与介词on的分配情况；run on battery标明手机运用电池得以运转；其他选项的分配为:put on（添加；假装；使上场）；take on（承担；呈现；具有；盛行）；come on（快点；初步；需求；表演；）；语义分配不通畅，故选择run on分配；3.【b】if逻辑联络；此处查询逻辑联络。空格场地址句为“.你在没有电话或攻略针的情况下迷路，.找不到北方，咱们有一些技巧可以协助你导航.文明”；前后句之

10、间构成假定的逻辑联络，所以选择if；其他选项:since（因为，自从）；though（尽管）；until（直到）代入后，不契合语义表达；4.【d】literally词义分析题；空格场地址句为“假定你在没有电话或攻略针的情况下迷路，.找不到北方，咱们有一些技巧可以协助你导航.文明”；literally标明的确地，真实地；契合语义表达；其他选项:formally（正式地）；relatively（相对地）；gradually（逐步地）不契合语义表达；5.【a】back词义分析题；出题处的语义表达“咱们有一些技巧可以协助你导航.文明”，只需back与前文的lost（迷路）构成彼此照顾，故而选择bac

11、k；6.【b】off词义分析题；空格地址句说到“为当你发现自个.途径。但不是完全.的区域。你需要答复两个疑问:在这个特别区域中，哪个.是下坡路？哪里有迩来的水源?”因而，根据句意表达，off(远离，脱离）契合句意；其它选项:onto（在之上；对晓得）；across (穿过，根穿)，alone (独白地，单独地)，故选择off；7.【d】unfamiliar词义分析题；根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自个.途径。但不是完全.的区域”，语义分配，unfamiliar更契合需求；其他选项:unattractive (不招引人的)；uncrowded (晦气挤的，宽广的)；c选项unchanged

12、 (未改动的，无改变的)；不契合语义表达；8.【c】way词义分析题；根据出题处的语境表述“你需要答复两个疑问:在这个特别区域中，哪个.是下坡路？哪里有迩来的水源?”因而只需way契合需求；其他选项:site（地址；方位；场所）；point（要害；得分；标点）；place（当地；居处；坐位），不契合句意表达；9.【a】so逻辑联络题；出题句指出“日子在山谷里的人，根柢上需要淡水为生，.假定你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪影.”，此处语义逻辑很显着，查询因果逻辑联络；故选择so，其它选项:yet（可是，可是）；instead（反而，替代）；besides（此外，而且）；不契合句义需求；10.【

13、d】eventually词义分析题；出题句提及“.假定你下山，沿着水走，你会发现人类的踪影.”，只需eventually（最终，总算）契合标题需求，语义通畅；其它选项:immediately（当即，马上）；intentionally（成心肠，有意地）；unexpectedly（出人意料地）；不契合语义表达，故打扫；11.【a】surprised词义分析题；出题句提及“假定你之前去过这个当地，必定要留心了解表象，你或许会.快速辨认出一块特征显着的石头或许树木来引发你的回想”；此处只需surprised契合标题需求；其他选项带有显着的贬义颜色，故不契合；12.【b】option词义分析题；这篇文章第一

14、段中说到“假定你在没有电话或攻略针的情况下迷路了，而且你真的找不到北方，咱们会有一些技巧可言协助你回到文明社会”，此处查询的当地就是前文提及的“另一个.:登到高处寻找有人类居住的标志”；只需option（选择）契合句义及情感颜色需求；13.【d】for example逻辑联络题；出题句前后构笼统到具体的例子联络（前文说到“另一个选择就是登高寻找有人类居住的标志”，与后文的look for signs构成笼统到具体的进程），故选择for example；14.【c】spot词义分析题；此题需凭仗前面的语义内容及逻辑联络辅佐做题；此处需填入的动词和look for语义附近，故选择spot（发现），

15、契合语义表达；其他选项:bridge（架桥，渡过）；avoid（避开，消除）；separate（分隔）；不契合语义需求；15.【b】through词义分析题；分析:本题为语义题及固定分配题，查询carve与woods之间的联络，根据常识可知，路大约是穿过森林开凿出来的，故本句意为穿过森林开凿出的公路，故b选项through为正确答案。16.【d】breaks语义分析题；本题为语义题，根据上一句信息，因为人为缘由此构成的gaps in the tree line，不难判别，朝着有树木缺口的当地走，就能找到出去的路，故d选项breaks为正确答案。17.【a】artificial词义分析题及逻辑关

16、系题；因题干中such as标明举例联络，故咱们首要根据比方信息可以判别文中fires and streetlights可以断定火与街灯的一起特征是人工光源，故本题a选项artificial为正确答案。18.【a】finally 语义题；文章后边指出假定你在人类常去的当地迷路，寻找咱们在地上上留下的，因前文现已举例阐明晰几种情况，如当你在一个并非完全不了解的环境中迷路，可知此处应是最终一种假定情况，故本题a选项finally为正确答案。19.【b】mark词义分析题；根据常识，在人类常去的当地，地上上必定有许多标志，故寻找咱们在地上上留下的标志，在此处更契合辞意，故本题b选项marks为正确答

17、案。20.【c】lead词义分析题；路途上的树皮刻痕、轮胎印和其他特征可以指引你去有人迹的当地，此外，本题处的单词大约与前文中的navigate同义，故本题c选项lead为正确答案。section reading comprehensionpart adirections:read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on theanswer sheet. (40 points)text 1financial regu

18、lations in britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. the main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for ha

19、rmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but also bu all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“short-termism” or the desire for quick profits

20、, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the bank of englands top economist. andrew haldane. he quotes a giant of classical economies, alfred marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than p

21、utting them aside to be eaten last.the average time for holding a stock in both the united states and britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long

22、-term research or to build up customer loyalty. this has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism”.in addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markers. “there seems to be a predominance of shor

23、t-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said commissioner daniel gallagher of the us securities and exchange commission in speech this week.in the us, the sarbanes-oxley act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, s

24、lightly helping reduce “short-termism.” in its latest survey of ceo pay, the wall street journal finds that “ a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisiti

25、ons. in france, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakehold

26、ers. britains new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21.according to paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the_.a.enhance bankers sense of responsibilityb.help corporations achieve larger pr

27、ofitsc.build a new system of financial regulationd.guarantee the bonuses of top executives22.alfred marshall is quoted to indicate_.a.the conditions for generating quick profitsb.governments impatience in decision-makingc.the solid structure of publicly traded companiesd.“short-termism” in economics

28、 activities23.it is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be_.a.indirectb.adversec.minimald.temporary24.the us and france examplesare used to illustrate_.a.the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.b.the significance of long-term thinking.c.the approaches to pro

29、moting “long-termism”.d.the prevalence of short-term thinking.25.which of the following would be the best title for the text?a.failure of quarterly capitalismb.patience as a corporate virtuec.decisiveness required of top executivesd.frustration of risk-taking bankers21-25参阅答案及解析:21.【a】enhance banker

30、s sense of responsibility；细节题。标题中清楚出题期间（according to paragraph 1）及相应的信息点（one motive in imposing the new rule），因而，答案来历句则为第一段的第三句（the main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution这个规则首要意图是让银行家为不良风险担任以及批改

31、大众对金融机构的信赖），那么答案根柢就很简略获取出来。选项中的“sense of responsibility”则对应到句中的“enhance bankers sense of responsibility（添加银行的责任感）”；而其他的选项则与最佳选项无缘，在定位区间中没有相应的对应信息。22.【d】short-termism in economic activities；细节题。题干中的定位信息在“alfred marshall”上，直接定位到第二段的第二句“he quotes a giant of classical economies, alfred marshall, in desc

32、ribing this financial impatience as acting.”，定位信息里的“this financial impatience”则是回指第二段首句的“short-termism”，故信息点则为“short-termism”，所以最佳选项则为short-termism in economic activities，而其他选项在定位信息中未提及；23.【b】adverse；细节题。此题的定位信息为题干的“transient investment”，直接定位到第三段的第二句“transient investors, who demand high quarterly pr

33、ofits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”，从四个选项的褒贬正负来看indirect、minimal和temporary为中性的表述，只需b选项的adverse为清楚的负面表达，意思为“晦气的”，与原文中的“hinder”（阻止打扰）对应上。24.【c】the approaches to promoting long-termism；例子题。根据题干的具体信息定位，美国和法国的比方是用来支撑啥观念。原文的第五、

34、六段则供给了具体的信息，第五段中美国推迟发放才就任一年支配的高管绩效补助，继而推进减轻“短期主义”盛行的现状；第六段则提及在法国持股两年以上者具有更大的选票权。所以，最佳选项应为“推进长时刻主义的办法”，与原文共同；25.【b】patience as a corporate virtue；主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题查询的是文章的主旨粗心；b选项里的patience可以对应到全文中重复呈现的主题词“short-termism”和“long-termism”，corporate本身在文章中呈现多次，所以b选项则为迩来标题，体现主旨粗心；其他选项均不能归纳全文，故打扫。text

35、 2grade inflation-the gradual increase in average gpas(grade-point averages) over the past few decadesis often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. but another, related forcea policy often buried deep in course catalo

36、gs called “grade forgiveness”is helping raise gpas.grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a students overall gpa.the use of this little-known practice has accel

37、erated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. when this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if th

38、ey struggled in their transition to college-level courses. but now most colleges save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.college officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade its

39、elf and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “untimely,” said jack miner, ohio state universitys registrar,“we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent cont

40、ents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”that said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. for public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retentionso bett

41、er grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. and anything that raises gpas will likely make studentswho, at the end of the day, are paying the billfeel theyve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.indeed, grade forgiveness is ju

42、st another way that universities are responding to consumers expectations for higher education. since students and parents expect a college degree to lead a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possibleor at least appear to be. on this, students a

43、nd colleges incentives seem to be aligned.26.what is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?a.the change of course catalogs.b.students indifference to gpas.c.colleges neglect of gpas.d.the influence of consumer culture.27.what was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?a.to help freshm

44、en adapt to college learning.b.to maintain colleges graduation rates.c.to prepare graduates for a challenging future.d.to increase universities income from tuition.28.according to paragraph 5,grade forgiveness enable colleges to_.a.obtain more financial supportb.boost their student enrollmentsc.impr

45、ove their teaching qualityd.meet local governments needs29.what does the phrase “to be aligned”(line 5, para.6) most probably mean?a.to counterbalance each other.b.to complement each other.c.to be identical with each other.d.to be contradictory to each other.30.the author examines the practice of gr

46、ade forgiveness by_.a.assessing its feasibilityb.analyzing the causes behind itc.comparing different views on itd.listing its long-run effects26-30参阅答案及解析:26.【d】the influence of consumer culture；细节题。根据题干中的要害词grade inflation可以定位到首段第一句话，此句

话的语句骨干:“grade inflation is often considered a product of a cons

47、umer era in higher education.” 题干中的be regarded as对应原文中的is considered，题干中的the cause of（后边接成果）与原文中的a product of（前边接成果）都标明因果联络。选项d中consumer是原文中的复现，其他选项都不具有烦扰性，因而答案选择d。27.【a】to help freshmen adapt to college learning；细节题。根据题干中的要害词，咱们只能定位到文章的第二段，可是第二段讲的是grade forgiveness具体是啥，并没有提?8囊馔迹缓蠼酉驴吹谌蔚氖拙洌氏至藅hi

48、s little-known practice指的就是grade forgiveness。而且题干中的the original purpose对应原文中的在第三段第二句话:“when this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses.”选项

49、a中的freshmen是原词复现，help是对应原文中的give them a second chance，adapt to对应原文中的struggled in their transition to，college learning对应原文中的college-level courses。因而答案为a。28.【a】obtain more financial support；细节题。根据题干中的要害词paragraph 5、grade forgiveness和colleges可以定位到第五段的第一句，即grade forgiveness可以满足学生的需要，可是对应选项并没有对应的答案，所以接着往

50、下看，说到了国家基金与他们的成功有关，得到非常好地分数意为这拿到更多的钱。选项a中的financial support指的就是state funds。因而答案为a。29.【c】to be identical with each other；猜词题。根据题干，可以定位到第六段最终一句话:“on this, studentsand collegesincentives seem to be aligned.”所以解题的要害是找到this指代的内容。this指代的是前一句话，即:因为学生和家长都期望经过大学学历来找作业，所以学校的最佳利益是尽可以地把学生培育成有才能担任的人，或许至少看起来是那样。由此

51、可以的出学生和学校的方针是共同的，选项c中的be identical

with标明的是与相同，因而答案为c。30.【b】analyzing the causes behind it；主旨题。题干的字面意思是作者是经过啥样的方法来查验grade forgiveness的实习操作，可是是查询文章的主旨，归于主旨题。阅览每段的期间粗心句，可以得出文章首要说明的是grade forgiveness的缘由。因而答案为b。text 3this year marks exactly two countries since the publication of frankenstein; or, the m

52、odern prometheus, by mary shelley. even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a

remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (ai) raises fu

53、ndamental questions:”what is intelligence, identify, orconsciousness? what makes humans humans?”what is beingcalled artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, mo

54、ve, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi tv series such as“westworld”and“humans”.justhowpeople think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says david eagleman, a stanford university neuroscientist.“we are just in a situation where t

55、here are no good theories explaining what consciousnesss actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”but that doesnt mean crucial ethical issues involving ai arent at hand. the coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. human drivers sometime

56、s must make split-second decisions. their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. ai“vision”today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. and to anticipate every imaginable drivi

57、ng situation is a difficult programming problem.whenever decisions are based on masses of data,“you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,”notes tan kiat how, chief executive of a singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of ai. along wi

58、th singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. britain is setting up a data ethics center. india released its ai ethics strategy this spring.on june 7 谷歌 pledged not to“design or deploy ai”that would cause“overall harm,”or to develop ai-dir

59、ected weapons or use ai for surveillance that would violate international norms. it also pledged not to deploy ai whose use would violate international laws or human rights.while the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. so does the idea that decisions made by ai systems should be ex

60、plainable, transparent, and fair.to put it another way: how can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanitys highest values? only then will they be useful servants and not frankensteins out-of-control monster.31.mary shelleys novel frankenstein is mentioned because ita.f

61、ascinates ai scientists all over the world.b.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.c.involves some concerns raised by ai today.d.has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.in david eaglemans opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessa.helps explain artificial intelligence.b.can be mis

62、leading to robot making.c.inspires popular sci-fi tv series.d.is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.the solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesa.can hardly ever be found.b.is still beyond our capacity.c.causes little public concern.d.has aroused much curiosity.34.the authors

63、 attitude toward 谷歌s pledge is one ofa.affirmation.b.skepticism.c.contempt.d.respect.35.which of the following would be the best title for the text?a.ais future: in the hands of tech giantsb.frankenstein, the novel predicting the age of aic.the conscience of ai: complex but inevitabled.ai shall be killers once out of control31-35参阅答案及解析:31.【c】involves some concerns raised by ai today；经过题干mary sh

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