【华工考研院】2021年考研英语一真题及答案(二)阅览了解

原标题：【华工考研院】2021年考研英语一真题及答案（二)：阅览了解

2021年英语一真题及答案（二）

2022年全国研讨生考试即将到来，英语考试是每年的重头戏，最终的温习时刻里，我们必定要多刷题，练手感，修改今日为我们预备了2021年考研英语一的真题以及答案详解，咱们一同来看看阅览了解有些，以下是阅览有些试题及答案。

阅览了解试题

section ii reading comprehension

part a

directions:

read the following four texts. answer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (40 points)

text 1

how can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? it has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every january the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. this year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official consumer price index (cpi) measure of inflation.

successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. ...? equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the south east, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the midlands and the north.

however, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. ...the responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. however, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.

the government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, ..., more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. the threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.

21. the author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ______.

a. will ease train operators’ burden

b. has kept pace with inflation

c. is a big surprise to commuters

d. remains an unreasonable measure

22. the stockbroker in paragraph 2 is used to stand for ______.

a. car drivers

b. rail travellers

c. local investors

d. ordinary taxpayers

23. it is indicated in paragraph 3 that train operators ______.

a. are offering compensation to commuters

b. are trying to repair relations with the unions

c. have failed to provide an adequate service

d. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes

24. if unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______.

a. the loss of investment

b. the collapse of operations

c. a reduction of revenue

d. a change of ownership

25. which of the following would be the best title for the text?

a. who are to blame for the strikes?

b. constant complaining doesn’t work

c. can nationalisation bring hope?

d. ever-rising fares aren’t sustainable

21. 【答案】d(remains an unreasonable measure)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词rail passengers fares定位到第一段①句。①句没有体现作者的观念，因而往下看一句，定位到②句：it has become a grimly reliable annual ritual ... imposing a significant extra burden on those...由grimly(冷酷地，厌烦地)和a significant extra burden(一个无量的额定担负)可知，作者对铁路乘客车费上涨的情绪是负面的。再根据题干要害词this year’s increase定位到第一段③句：this year’s rise, an average of 2.7 per cent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official consumer price index (cpi) measure of inflation.(本年均匀2.7%的上涨，或许比上一年的上涨略微低一些，可是它仍然远远高于官方花费者物价指数衡量的通货胀大程度)。由此进一步断定车费上涨是unreasonable(不合理的)。所以本题选d。

22. 【答案】b(rail travellers)

【解析】本题为例子题。根据题干要害词stockbroker定位到比方地址句，即第二段②句：why ... should a car-driving pensioner ... have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker...?(为啥一个开车的养老金收取者必需要补助一个股市生意人的往常通勤呢?)再找到前面的观念句：successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer(历届政府答应这种上涨，因为出资和运营铁路网的本钱大约由运用它的我们来承担，而不是一般交税人)。这段论说认为，没有运用铁路网的一般交税人如开车的养老金收取者不大约承担铁路网本钱，运用铁路网的人如股市生意人才大约承担此本钱。定位句中的stockbroker指的就是观念句中的those who use it。所以本题选b。

23. 【答案】c(have failed to provide an adequate service)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词train operators定位到第三段②句：it is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel(火车运营商宣传他们对铁路网作出的改进无可谴责，但思考到乘客如今为出行付出的许多费用，他们理应可以等待根柢水平的效能)。可见，火车运营商没能供给合格的效能。所以本题选c。

24. 【答案】d(a change of ownership)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词if unable to calm down passengers定位到第四段④句：the threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order(国有化的挟制或许暂时可以避免，可是，假定乘客的合理愤恨不能被当即处置，这种挟制会东山复兴)。if unable to calm down passengers是if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order的同义表达。可见，假定铁路公司不能让乘客冷静下来，铁路公司将接见会面临国有化的挟制，即一切权的改动。所以本题选d。

25. 【答案】d(ever-rising fares aren’t sustainable)

【解析】本题为主旨粗心题。文章首段提出铁路乘客车费再次上涨的疑问，即文章谈论的主题;二段简略论说历届政府答应车费上涨的理由;三至四段集合于乘客所付车费和享受到的效能不对等的疑问，作者认为乘客大约遭到抵偿，英国铁路效能标准有必要得到保证，并指出假定效能得不到保证，乘客将不会无止境地付出更多车费。d项中的ever-rising fares(不断上涨的车费)是文章谈论的主题，aren’t sustainable(是不可以持续的)是作者的观念。d项无缺地归纳了全文内容。所以本题选d。

text 2
last year marked the third year in a row of when indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. one reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.

in 2007, indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. called conditional cash transfers or ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. ... in indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.

but cct programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. in fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says paul ferraro, an economist at johns hopkins university.

that’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. however, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. the only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in mexico that had instituted ccts, supported the traditional view. there, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, ferraro says.

such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. ferraro wanted to see if indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. ...

ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. ferraro separated the effects of the cct program on forest loss from other factors, ..., “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” ferraro says.

that’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, ferraro says. typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. with the ccts, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.

whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. ferraro suggests the results may transfer to other parts of asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. and regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment, ferraro says. even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”

26. according to the first two paragraphs, cct programs aim to ______.

a. facilitate health care reform

b. help poor families get better off

c. improve local education systems

d. lower deforestation rates

27. the study based on an area in mexico is cited to show that ______.

a. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor

b. cct programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles

c. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers

d. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation

28. in his study about indonesia, ferraro intends to find out ______.

a. its acceptance level of ccts

b. its annual rate of poverty alleviation

c. the relation of ccts to its forest loss

d. the role of its forests in climate change

29. according to ferraro, the cct program in indonesia is most valuable in that ______.

a. it will benefit other asian countries

b. it will reduce regional inequality

c. it can protect the environment

d. it can boost grain production

30. what is the text centered on?

a. the effects of a program.

b. the debates over a program.

c. the process of a study.

d. the transferability of a study.

26. 【答案】b(help poor families get better off)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词first two paragraphs，cct programs和aim to定位到第二段②句，其间aim to对应are designed to：called conditional cash transfers or ccts, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty。help poor families get better off是对break the cycle of poverty的同义替换。所以本题选b。

27. 【答案】d(economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation)

【解析】本题为例子题。根据题干要害词the study based on an area in mexico定位到第四段③句，再找到前面的观念句：that’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty。所以本题选d。

28. 【答案】c(the relation of ccts to its forest loss)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词indonesia和ferraro，并联系题文同序原则定位到第五段②句：ferraro wanted to see if indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation。the relation of ccts to its forest loss是对indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation的同义替换，其间ccts对应indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program，forest loss对应deforestation。所以本题选c。

29. 【答案】c(it can protect the environment)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词ferraro，program和valuable定位到第8段④句：even

if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “the value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”。由④句可知，ferraro认为“即便cct项目不能削减贫穷，仅就二氧化碳排放量而言，避免森林采伐的价值也跨越了该项意图本钱”。故可推知ferraro认为cct项目可以维护环境，因而具有重要价值。所以本题选c。

30. 【答案】a(the effects of a program.)

【解析】本题为主旨粗心题。文章首段由印度尼西亚的rate of deforestation has slowed in pace(森林采伐速度降低)以及推进该改动的antipoverty program(扶贫项目)引出论题;随后二至四段指出旨在扶贫的cct项目注重经济打开，这可以会对环境发生不良影响;五至8段作者借经济学家ferraro的研讨指出，cct项目其实有助于削减森林采伐量，反而对维护环境有活泼影响。故这篇文章会集谈论了cct项目关于环境的effects(影响)，a项契合。所以本题选a。

text 3
as a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, i’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?). i’ve found quite a few, and—since i started posting them on twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. people have been surprised to see evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. they are noting that the victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.

of course, i need to concede that my collection of ‘smiling victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, ... how do we explain this trend?

during the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, .., and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.

but exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the box brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why victorians still hesitated to smile.

one explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. a flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).

a toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as lewis carroll’s gum-exposing cheshire cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. even mark twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.

31. according to paragraph 1, the author’s posts on twitter ______.

a. changed people’s impression of the victorians

b. highlighted social media’s role in victorian studies

c. re-evaluated the victorians’ notion of public image

d. illustrated the development of victorian photography

32. what does the author say about the victorian portraits he has collected?

a. they are in popular use among historians.

b. they are rare among photographs of that age.

c. they mirror 19th-century social conventions.

d. they show effects of different exposure times.

33. what might have kept the victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?

a. their inherent social sensitiveness.

b. their tension before the camera.

c. their distrust of new inventions.

d. their unhealthy dental condition.

34. mark twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______.

a. a deep-rooted belief

b. a misguided attitude

c. a controversial view

d. a thought-provoking idea

35. which of the following questions does the text answer?

a. why did most victorians look stern in photographs?

b. why did the victorians start to view photographs?

c. what made photography develop slowly in the victorian period?

d. how did smiling in photographs become a post-victorian norm?

31. 【答案】a(changed people’s impression of the victorians)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词paragraph 1和the author’s posts on twitter定位到第一段②句：i’ve found quite a few, and—since i started posting them on twitter—they have been causing quite a stir。③句进一步说明stir，即people have been surprised to see evidence that victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh。a项changed people’s impression of the victorians是对该句的归纳。所以本题选a。

32. 【答案】b(they are rare among photographs of that age.)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词the victorian portraits he has collected定位到第二段①句中的my collection of ‘smiling victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900。they are rare among photographs of that age是对makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900的归纳总结。所以本题选b。

33. 【答案】d(their unhealthy dental condition.)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词kept the victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s定位到第四段②句spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why victorians still hesitated to smile。该句指出在19世纪90年代，天然的浅笑相对简略捕捉，因而需要寻找其他的缘由。紧接着第五段作出另一种可以的说明，其间第五段②句中的before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene阐明晰口腔清洁情况常常令人震动，致使维多利亚人拍摄时不露齿笑，对应了their unhealthy dental condition。所以本题选d。

34. 【答案】a(a deep-root belief)

【解析】本题为例子题。根据题干要害词mark twain定位到第六段②句，该句引证了mark twain的具体言语。再向前寻找他所要证明的观念，然后定位到第六段①句a toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class，即“露齿浅笑短少涵养”，这是一种根深柢固的观念，对应a项a deep-root belief。所以本题选a。

35. 【答案】a(why did most victorians look stern in photographs?)

【解析】本题为主旨粗心题。全文前两段提出维多利亚年代我们拍摄时广泛不会浅笑这一表象，接下来第三段至第六段别离从曝光时刻，牙齿安康情况以及固有观念这三方面分析表象不和的缘由，因而a项why did most victorians look stern in photographs?是对原文主旨的归纳。所以本题选a。

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text 4
from the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals’. that’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.

yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. a federal appeals court weighed in again tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. at issue before the u.s. court of appeals for the district of columbia circuit was the latest take of the federal communications commission (fcc) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2021. the republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the fcc had adopted when it had a democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything. the order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.

the commission argued that the federal trade commission and the u.s. department of justice would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of netflix and apple tv. yet the fcc also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.

on tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2021 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a supreme court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. but judge patricia millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said congress or the supreme court could intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism.”

in the meantime, the court threw out the fcc’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. that means more battles like the one now going on between the justice department and california, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the fcc’s abdication.

the endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the fcc cry out for congress to act. it needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.

36. there has long been concern that broadband providers would ______.

a. bring web-based firms under control

b. slow down the traffic on their network

c. show partiality in treating clients

d. intensify competition with their rivals

37. faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the fcc ______.

a. sticks to an out-of-date order

b. takes an anti-regulatory stance

c. has issued a special resolution

d. has allowed the states to intervene

38. what can be learned about at&t from paragraph 3?

a. it protects against unfair competition.

b.it engages in anti-competitive practices.

c. it is under the fcc’s investigation.

d. it is in pursuit of quality service.

39. judge patricia millett argues that the appeals court’s decision ______.

a. focuses on trivialities

b. conveys an ambiguous message

c. is at odds with its earlier rulings

d. is out of touch with reality

40. what does the author argue in the last paragraph?

a. congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.

b. the fcc should be put under strict supervision.

c. rules need to be set to diversify online services.

d. broadband providers’ rights should be protected.

36. 【答案】c(show partiality in treating clients)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词long been concern that broadband providers定位到第一段①句：from the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals，题干中long与文中from the early days of broadband对应，concern与worried对应，the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections与broadband providers对应。show partiality in treating clients(不公正对待客户)是对favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals(相关于竞赛对手的网站和效能，它们偏袒自个或协作火伴的)的合理揣度。所以本题选c。

37. 【答案】b(takes an anti-regulatory stance)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词neutrality rules和the fcc定位到第二段③④句，且由④⑤句the republican-penned order … the order also …可知，⑤句与④句并排。③句指出“在哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院疑问的焦点是fcc关于网络中立性的最新观念”;④句阐释fcc的最新观念(其间句首the republican-penned order字面意思为“由共和党执笔的规则”，根据④句说到的when it had a democratic majority in 2015，即“2015年民主党人占fcc的大都”可推知，the republican-penned order出台时共和党人占fcc的大都，故the … order指代“fcc的规则”，也即③句所述fcc的最新观念)：不只撤消了严肃的网络中立性规则，而且回绝了该委员会需求宽带供给商除了宣告其效能信息之外做其他任何作业的权力;⑤句弥补指出：该规则还宣告州和当地政府也不能监管宽带供给商。综上可推知，fcc采纳反监管情绪。所以本题选b。

【注】本题也可凭仗第五段首句说到的the fcc’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality(fcc企图阻挡一切关于网络中立性的州规)解题，据此推知fcc的情绪是“对立监管”。

38. 【答案】b(it engages in anti-competitive practices.)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词at&t定位到第三段①句：the commission argued that the federal trade commission and the u.s. department of justice would protect consumers and websites against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like at&t favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of netflix and apple tv。由such as引出事例的功用可知，a broadband-providing conglomerate like at&t favoring its own video-streaming service...是以at&t为例，对anti-competitive behavior(反竞赛行为)予以阐明，因而可知at&t参加了反竞赛行为。所以本题选b。

39. 【答案】d(is out of touch with reality)

【解析】本题为细节题。根据题干要害词judge patricia millett定位到第四段②句：but judge patricia millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said...，联系①句(on tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2021 order...)可知，引号中the result指代题干中的the appeals court’s decision。is out of touch with reality(脱离实际)是对is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service(脱离了现代宽带效能的实际)的同义替换。所以本

题选d。

40. 【答案】a(congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.)

【解析】本题为揣度题。根据the last paragraph定位到最终一段。本段首句指出“没完没了的法令斗争和联邦通讯委员会的反重复复火急需要国会采纳行为”，第二句进一步介绍国会应采纳的行为(句首it指代congress)：需要给予委员会清楚的权力，一笔勾销地阻止宽带供给商干与其网络上的流量，并拟定清楚的规则来维护网络的翻开性和立异。congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality(国会需要采纳行为保证网络中立)是对本段内容的合理揣度，其间take action与首句中act对应，to ensure net neutrality是对to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online的归纳总结。所以本题选a。

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