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狼群如何影响森林的生态体系(下)

during the winter, wolves work together to kill large prey like deer.but gable found that in warmer, ice-free months, wolves focus on smaller prey, like newborn deer fawns – and especially beavers.and that’s where things get really interesting for the ecosystem."wolves, by preying on dispersing beavers, alter where wetlands are created.if a young beaver gets killed after leaving home, it will never have a chance to build a new dam.even if it had started construction before becoming a wolf's lunch, the dam will remain unfinished and fall into disrepair.beavers are ecosystem engineers.when a wolf kills one, it can have a big impact."because they prevent beavers from converting a forest into a wetland.

译文

在冬天，狼会一同猎杀像鹿这样的大型猎物。但盖博发现，在温暖无冰的月份，狼会把留心力会集在更小的猎物上，比方重生的小鹿——特别是海狸。这就是生态体系真实风趣的当地。狼经过捕食涣散的海狸，改动了湿地势成的当地。假定一只小海狸在脱离家后被捕杀，它将永久没有机缘缔造新的水坝。即便海狸在变成狼的午饭之前现已初步缔造，水坝也将完不了工，会变得衰落不堪。海狸是生态体系工程师。当一只狼捕杀一只海狸时，将会发生无量的影响。“因为狼阻挡海狸把森林变成湿地。

in that regard, wolves are connected to all the ecological processes that are associated with wetlands and beaver ponds."ecologists have long assumed the predators can influence their ecosystems in two main ways.one is through fear and intimidation, like in the yellowstone story.the second is through direct killing.the voyageurs wolves offer up a third possibility.the park

and the forests surrounding it have more than 7000 beaver ponds.gable estimates that wolves have a direct impact each year on around 88 of them.that’s a mere one and a quarter percent affected.so it's hard to argue that wolves are responsible for re-shaping the ecosystem in the broadest sense.but it's equally hard to deny that they help to maintain a diversity of habitats across the landscape."but i don't really think that estimate is a key finding, so to speak.because i think the real goal, the real point of our paper was simply to flesh out this mechanism of how wolves do this."the study was published in the november 13 issue of the journal science advances."this is something worth studying, and this is likely happening in a variety of ecosystems."thanks for listening for scientific american's 60-second science. i'm jason goldman.

译文

在这一点上，狼与与湿地和海狸池塘有关的一切生态进程都有联络。生态学家一向认为，捕食性动物可以经过两种首要方法来影响生态体系。一种是经过威吓和挟制，就像黄石公园的故事相同。第二种是直接杀戮。探险家国家公园的狼群供给了第三种可以性。该公园及其周围的森林有7000多个海狸池塘。盖博估量，狼每年对大约88个海狸池塘发生直接影响。只需1.25%的海狸池塘遭到了影响。因而，从最广泛的意义上来说，很难说狼对重塑生态体系负有责任。但相同难以否定的是，狼有助于坚持整个区域歇息地的多样性。“但可以说，我真的认为这个估量并非是一个要害的发现。因为我认为咱们论文的真实意图，真实的意义只是为了充分狼是如何做到这一点的机制。”这项研讨宣告在11月13日的《science advances》期刊上。“这是一件值得研讨的作业，这很可以发生在各种生态体系中。”谢谢我们收听科学美国人——60秒科学。我是杰森·戈德曼。

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